How to write a film score

It goes without saying that a film’s soundtrack can make or break its impact. A well-crafted film score doesn’t just accompany the visuals; it elevates them, drawing viewers deeper into the emotional journey of the film's narrative. Whether it’s building suspense in a tense standoff or deepening sorrow in a heartbreaking scene, music has a unique ability to amplify pivotal moments. Composing for film isn't just about writing good music, it's about writing a score that resonates with the story’s highs and lows, and adds layers of emotion that stay with the audience long after the credits roll.

Contents:

1. Get inspired
   • Pioneers of film scores
   • Contemporary masters of film scoring
2. Understand the story
   • Read the script
   • Speak with the director
   • Watch the rough cut
3. Define your musical palette
   • Choose your instruments
   • Set a theme or motif
   • Use sound design elements
4. Sync your music to the visuals
   • Spotting session
   • Mickey Mousing
   • Silence as a tool
5. Compose to elevate, not distract
   • Stay subtle
   • Layer emotions
   • Avoid overly literal choices
6. Consider new technologies
   • Digital audio workstations
   • Virtual instruments
   • Artificial intelligence
7. Record and edit
   • Recording live vs. MIDI
   • Mixing and mastering
   • Final syncing and editing
8. Iterate based on feedback
   • Screening reactions
   • Adapt to last-minute edits
9. FAQ

1. Get inspired

The world of film composition has been shaped by visionary individuals who to today have left their mark on the craft. From early pioneers who provided music for silent films to revolutionaries who changed the way music interacts with moving images, if you want to get started with composing for film, a good place to start is familiarising yourself with the greats.

Pioneers of film scores

The early days of cinema were marked by the visionary contributions of composers such as Max Steiner and Bernard Herrmann. These pioneers paved the way for the integration of music into film, establishing techniques that continue to influence composers to this day.

Max Steiner, known as the "father of film music", is hailed for his groundbreaking work on films like King Kong (1933) and Gone with the Wind (1939). He introduced the concept of leitmotif in film scoring, a technique that assigns a specific musical theme to a character, object, or idea. This innovative approach added depth and emotional resonance to on-screen narratives, setting a new standard for film composers to follow.

Bernard Herrmann’s collaborations with Alfred Hitchcock defined the thriller genre and revolutionised the use of music in psychological storytelling. His score for Psycho (1960) is one of the most iconic in cinema, with its shrieking violins adding a sense of terror to the infamous shower scene.

Contemporary masters of film scoring

Today, the world of film composition is alive with talent, with composers like Hans Zimmer and John Williams breathing life into some of the most iconic movies of our time. Their ability to create memorable melodies and innovative soundscapes has firmly established them as masters of their craft.

Hans Zimmer, renowned for his work on films such as The Lion King (1994) and Inception (2010) is celebrated for his use of cutting-edge technology and unconventional instruments to craft unique and immersive soundtracks.

John Williams, known for his sweeping, orchestral themes for Star Wars, Jaws, Indiana Jones, Jurassic Park, and Harry Potter, has a gift for capturing the essence of a story through music, creating timeless pieces that resonate with audiences across generations.

2. Understand the story

Visually captivating scenes can achieve even greater heights when paired with the right film score. To achieve this synergy, the best film scores will be born out of a close collaboration between filmmakers and composers, relying on an understanding of both visual storytelling and musical composition. Directors often work closely with composers to convey their vision for the film, discussing themes, character motivations, and desired emotional responses. This collaborative process ensures that the music becomes an integral part of the storytelling itself.

Read the script

The first step to composing for film is immersing yourself in the story. Start by reading the script carefully to understand the plot, characters, and emotional arcs. Note the moments that demand musical emphasis and think about how music can help tell the story.

Speak with the director

Composing for film is highly collaborative. Talk to the director to understand their vision and any specific ideas they have for the score. They may already have musical references or emotions they want emphasised in certain scenes.

Through discussions and brainstorming sessions, composers can gain valuable insights into the director's vision, allowing them to tailor their compositions to align seamlessly with the intended emotional impact of each scene.

Watch the rough cut

Once the film is edited, watch the rough cut to get a sense of pacing and the visual language. This helps you understand where the music should begin and end, and how it should interact with the visuals.

When it comes to composing for film, pay close attention to the rhythm of each scene, the emotional highs and lows, and any moments of silence or pauses, as these can be just as impactful as musical cues. Notice how transitions between scenes affect the tone—this can help you decide if music should carry through or change to match the shift. 

3. Define your musical palette

When the right notes are struck, a film score helps to convey unspoken emotions and helps the audience tune into the emotional energy unfolding on screen. Whether it's a soaring orchestral piece or a subtle and delicate melody, composing for film has the unique ability to provoke truly visceral emotions.

Choose your instruments

Different genres and tones benefit from different instruments. A horror film might lean on low strings and eerie synths, while a romance could favour piano and soft woodwinds. Choose instruments that align with the film’s mood and era.

Set a theme or motif

Most great film scores use recurring themes or motifs that represent characters, emotions, or places. Think of Darth Vader's "Imperial March" in Star Wars, or the iconic theme of Jaws. Establishing themes creates continuity and makes the score memorable.

Use sound design elements

Modern scores often blend traditional instruments with synthesised sounds, sound effects, and ambient textures. Experimenting with these elements can add depth, especially in genres like sci-fi and thriller.

4. Sync your music to the visuals

Perhaps the main difference between writing music generally and composing for film - is timing. Timing in film scores is everything, it’s the careful placement of musical cues that shapes how we feel in each moment of the story. Whether it’s a sudden swell in the music as a hero takes a daring leap or a subtle, creeping melody that builds as danger approaches, timing allows music to synchronise with the action and amplify its emotional impact.

Spotting session

In a spotting session, you work with the director and editor to decide where each musical cue should start and end, and what mood or emotion each scene requires. This is where you map out the timing and structure of the score. These discussions will shape the cue sheet, a document outlining the timing, mood, and purpose of each of your cues.

Gradual changes in tempo and volume keep the score dynamic and responsive to the visuals. Building up to a crescendo at a critical moment or using a sudden pause can make scenes more impactful.

Mickey Mousing

This technique involves syncing the music closely with on-screen action, almost like mimicking the movement (a technique seen in classic animations). While it’s often used sparingly in modern cinema, it can be effective for comedic or high-energy sequences.

Silence as a tool

When it comes to composing for film, don’t underestimate the power of silence. Knowing when not to score a scene can be as impactful as the music itself. Silence heightens tension and can make the audience more receptive to the next musical cue.

5. Compose to elevate, not distract

The pressure to deliver a commercially successful score while staying true to one's artistic integrity can be a tightrope walk. It involves understanding the market trends, audience preferences, and the director's vision, all while infusing a touch of innovation and originality to stand out in a sea of soundtracks. When composing for film, it's important that you adapt your musical style to suit the film's genre and target audience while still maintaining your unique creative voice.

Stay subtle

The score should enhance, not overpower. Avoid overloading scenes with complex or busy music, which can detract from the dialogue and visual impact.

Layer emotions

Composing for film often involves creating “layers” of emotion, where the music supports an initial feeling and then gradually shifts. For instance, a seemingly peaceful melody might grow ominous if a scene has underlying tension.

In fact, if a scene requires unease or suspense, dissonant harmonies and unusual intervals are effective tools. They can create a sense of instability or humour that adds layers to the viewing experience.

Avoid overly literal choices

If a scene shows a character running, a fast tempo may seem fitting, but there’s an opportunity to do more. Perhaps a slower, haunting melody better represents the inner turmoil of the character, adding depth and perspective.

6. Consider new technologies

From experimenting with new sound libraries to mastering complex digital audio workstations, film composers must stay ahead of technological advancements to remain competitive in the industry. The ability to blend traditional orchestration with electronic elements and innovative recording techniques is crucial in creating a dynamic and immersive musical experience.

Digital audio workstations

Digital audio workstations (DAWs) like Logic Pro, Ableton Live, and Cubase have made it easier to compose, edit, and experiment with scores. These programs offer extensive libraries of sampled instruments, virtual orchestras, and sound effects, allowing composers to simulate everything from a full orchestra to specialised, ambient textures with remarkable authenticity.

Virtual instruments

High-end sample libraries, such as those by Spitfire Audio, EastWest, and Native Instruments, provide meticulously recorded samples that mimic the dynamics and nuances of real instruments. Many of these libraries include articulations like pizzicato, legato, and tremolo, allowing composers to create more authentic, expressive performances. Some virtual instruments even respond to subtle cues like velocity and modulation, making them feel more lifelike.

Artificial intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are emerging as innovative resources in music composition. AI-driven tools can generate musical ideas, suggest harmonies, and even help with orchestration. Though these tools are not a substitute for creativity, they can inspire fresh ideas and streamline workflows.

7. Record and edit

When it comes to composing to film, don’t be afraid to create several variations for a scene. This gives the director options and helps ensure that the final score is the perfect fit.

Recording live vs. MIDI

Depending on budget, you may record live musicians or use digital samples. Live instruments bring warmth and nuance, while MIDI can be more accessible for tight schedules or indie films.

Mixing and mastering

Once you’ve recorded the score, work with a sound engineer to mix and master the tracks. Balancing the score’s volume and tonal quality ensures it blends seamlessly with dialogue and sound effects. If you're looking for the best headphones for mixing and mastering, we've got you covered.

Final syncing and editing

The final step is to align your score perfectly with the film’s audio track. Any small adjustments to timing can have a significant impact, so review this thoroughly with the director and editor.

8. Iterate based on feedback

Screening reactions

Often, you’ll receive feedback after a preliminary screening. Be prepared to make adjustments to better serve the story.

Adapt to last-minute edits

Film editing can change even after the score is completed, requiring you to adjust your music to fit the final cut. These changes might involve reworking tempos, restructuring cues, or rewriting entire sections. Flexibility and adaptability are essential as you collaborate with the director to ensure your music complements the story's pacing and emotional tone.

9. FAQ

What skills do I need to become a film composer?
To write a film score, it’s essential to have a solid understanding of music theory, composition, and orchestration. Familiarity with digital audio workstations (DAWs) and proficiency in using sample libraries or virtual instruments can also be helpful. Strong communication skills and a collaborative mindset are crucial since film scoring is often a team effort with directors, editors, and producers.

How do royalties work when it comes to film scores?
It's really important that you read your contract carefully and understand how music royalties work. When you are hired to compose a film score, you often receive an upfront fee for your work, which can include a "buyout" that forfeits your right to future royalties. If you retain publishing rights, you’re entitled to a share of future royalties.

How do I get started with composing for film if I’m new?
Start by composing music for short films, student films, or independent projects, as these can provide valuable experience and build your portfolio. Watching films with a critical ear and studying the work of established composers is also helpful. Many composers find it beneficial to reach out to local filmmakers or participate in film scoring programs or workshops to gain hands-on experience.

If you need help getting your name out there, check out our guide to essential marketing strategies for musicians.

What are cues, and how do I create them?
Cues are specific points in the film where music begins, changes, or ends to match on-screen events. They are essential in guiding the audience’s emotions and highlighting pivotal moments. Creating cues involves closely analysing the film’s pacing, rhythm, and emotional peaks, then aligning the music to enhance those moments. This is often mapped out during the spotting session.

Wrapping up

Composing for film requires more than technical skill—it calls for an understanding of storytelling, collaboration, and sensitivity to emotion. A well-composed film score will not only enhance the film but become a lasting part of its legacy, evoking emotions that audiences remember long after they leave the theatre. With every note carefully woven into the fabric of a film, composers create an auditory journey that transports viewers to another realm. Through careful timing, thoughtful instrumentation, and a commitment to the story, your score can transform a film into a memorable, immersive experience. So next time you settle into your seat at the movie theater, take a moment to appreciate the artistry behind the compositions that breathe life into the stories on the silver screen.